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Note: Mouse/rat LP is the same operation as 8.2.9 IT (L5-L6 enters the subarachnoid space); this section focuses on the differences in large animal LP. Applicable species: NHP (cynomolgus/rhesus), dogs, pigs [12-32]. Dose range: NHP juveniles 4.5×10^12 and 1.35×10^13 GC (2.5 mL); scAAV9-GFP 1×10^13 vg/kg; GLP 1.0/3.0×10^13 vg/animal [12-32]. Injection volume: NHP 2.5 mL standard (1-2 mL for adults); 1-5 mL for dogs; 400-800 μL/segment for pigs (multiple points on the neck, chest, and waist are required) [12-32]. Needle: NHP 22 G spinal anesthesia catheter needle L4-L5 or L5-L6, CSF reflux + CT/iohexol double confirmation; dog/porcine 22 G spinal cord needle fluoroscopic guidance [12-32]. Speed: NHP is injected slowly for 1-2 minutes; postural effect: Trendelenburg can increase the motor neuron transduction rate to 73% → 80% in the waist and 29% → 55% in the neck 5-10 minutes after the injection [12-30,12-32]. Coverage: NHP LP spinal cord lumbar segment>thoracic segment>cervical segment, the brainstem/cerebellum is visible, and the cerebral cortex is weaker than ICM; single point coverage of the lumbar segment of pigs is insufficient and multiple points are needed [12-34]. Safety: See 8.4 DRG toxicity; postoperative headache, CSF leakage, and nerve root damage [12-26].