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Applicable species: mice, rats, NHP, dogs, pigs [12-59]. Dose range: 5×10^10-1×10^11 vg/heart for mice; 1×10^11-5×10^11 vg/heart for rats; approximately 10^11-10^12 vg level for pigs based on body weight (to be verified) [12-59]. Injection volume: a total of 30 μL divided into 3 points for mice (10 μL for each ventricular/dorsal/lateral side of the left ventricular wall); 30-50 μL for rats; 100-200 μL for each point in pigs [12-59]. Needles: mouse Hamilton+31 G needle; canine 7-Fr endocardial 27 G injection needle catheter (Stiletto); porcine 30 G tip curved needle for thoracotomy and direct vision [12-59]. Anesthesia: isoflurane for mice (quick operation with small incision without mechanical ventilation); general anesthesia + mechanical ventilation for rats/dogs/pig[12-59]. Key points of operation: Thoracotomy through a small incision in the fourth intercostal space of mice, 10 μL at each of three points on the left ventricular wall after externalization of the heart; canine fluoroscopy + MRI fusion imaging (XFM) guides the catheter into the left ventricle through the aortic valve for multi-point injection; pigs are exposed through thoracotomy and injected at multiple points at the apex/infarct area/border area [12-59]. Coverage: focal transduction of cardiomyocytes around the injection point, not covering the whole heart; peak expression in 3-4 weeks; dystrophin can be restored in DMD models [12-59]. Off-target: drug leakage from the pericardium/thoracic cavity, if injected into the left ventricular cavity, the drug solution will enter the circulation and cause liver off-target.