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Applicable species: mice (eWAT, iBAT, iWAT); rats to be nucleated[12-60]. Dose range: mouse 1×10^11-2×10^11 vg/pad (AAV8), BAT about 1×10^9-2×10^10 vg/pad [12-60]. Injection volume: eWAT 30-50 μL/pad divided into 2 points; iBAT 20 μL/leaf (a total of 40 μL for both leaves); iWAT 25 μL/side[12-60]. Needle: Hamilton+30 G needle, BAT with 32 G fine injection, or BD insulin needle 31 G 8 mm [12-60]. Anesthesia: Isoflurane 2.5% for induction and 1% for maintenance [12-60]. Operational points: eWAT is injected at multiple points after the midline abdominal incision is exposed; iBAT is injected into two lobes through the interscapular longitudinal incision; inject slowly to confirm that there is no leakage; each point of eWAT is ≤10 μL to prevent leakage into the abdominal cavity [12-60]. Coverage: mature adipocytes + stromal vascular components, AAV8 is the most efficient in transducing adipose tissue, and the ADIPOQ promoter is specific for mature adipocytes; expression lasts for >4 weeks [12-60]. Off-target: intra-abdominal leakage (eWAT), high-dose hepatic spread.