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Applicable species: mice (knee/ankle), rats (knee), rabbits, horses [12-54, 12-55, 12-63]. Dose range: mice 0.5×10^10-1×10^11 vg/joint; rats 1×10^10-2.5×10^10 vg/joint; horses refer to clinical OA gene therapy levels [12-54, 12-55, 12-63]. Injection volume: 5 μL/joint for mice; 50 μL/joint for rats [12-54, 12-55, 12-63]. Needle: mouse Hamilton+30 G needle; rat Hamilton+30 G or 27 G [12-54, 12-55, 12-63]. Speed: After slow injection, gentle flexion and extension of the joints can help distribution [12-54, 12-55, 12-63]. Anesthesia: Ketamine + xylazine IP or isoflurane [12-54, 12-55, 12-63]. Key points of operation: The needle is inserted at the medial edge of the patellar tendon of the mouse knee joint and the needle is inserted at the anterolateral aspect of the ankle joint; the disappearance of tactile resistance in rats indicates entry into the joint cavity, with a maximum volume of 35-50 μL [12-54, 12-55, 12-63]. Coverage: mainly transduces synovial lining cells (fibroblast-like synovial cells), with very limited transduction of chondrocytes (cartilage matrix barrier); expression can last for several months (slow synovial cell renewal); the equine OA model AAV2.5-IL-1Ra achieves sustained intra-articular expression [12-54, 12-55, 12-63]. Limitations: Treatment of cartilage lesions requires direct intrachondral injection/capsid engineering optimization/parasynovial secretion, and simple IA cannot penetrate cartilage [12-54, 12-55, 12-63].